欧洲人权法院MUTU&PECHSTEIN案研究及启示     

姜熙 《武汉体育学院学报》2020,54(4):50-58

Pechstein案和Mutu案是近年来体育法学界广受关注的重大体育纠纷案件。两个案件都是案情复杂、时间跨度较大、所涉法律问题较多、经历了诸多诉讼程序的案件,最后都提交至欧洲人权法院审理。欧洲人权法院对Pechstein案和Mutu案的判决使得该案对国际体育法治的影响更为深远。运用文献资料法、比较法、案例分析法等方法,基于Pechstein案和Mutu案各审理机构的裁决分析,对Pechstein案和Mutu案的案情、各审理机构的裁决进行了全景式的梳理和分析,并就欧洲人权法院的判决依据进行了深入的研究。最后,就欧洲人权法院对Pechstein案和Mutu案的裁决对CAS的改革、体育仲裁的完善、体育特殊性等问题进行了分析和讨论,并对Pechstein案和Mutu案给中国体育法治建设、体育仲裁制度建立带来的启示进行了分析。  相似文献   

不同抗阻训练方案对T淋巴细胞亚群迁移和凋亡的影响*     

王焱源 《广州体育学院学报》2019,(3):112-117

研究旨在探讨一次不同抗阻训练方案对外周血CD4＋和CD8＋T淋巴细胞亚群迁移和凋亡的影响。通过实验法15名无训练经历的健康青年男性分别进行一次以促进肌肉肥大（H-RT组，方案：70%1RM，10RM，3组，组间间歇1.5 min）和以改善肌肉耐力（E-RT组，方案：60%1RM，15RM，3组，组间间歇1 min）为目的的抗阻训练方案。并于训练前、训练后即刻、训练后2 h和24 h利用流式细胞仪测定表面标志物CX3CR1和annexin V表达量检测CD4＋、CD8＋T淋巴细胞亚群迁移和凋亡（用阳性表达率表示）。得出以下数据：（1）CD4＋T细胞在H-RT组运动后即刻和运动后24 h，annexin V和CX3CR1阳性表达率显著性升高（P<0.05）。E-RT组annexin V阳性表达率在运动后即刻降低（P<0.05），24 h显著性升高（P<0.05）；CX3CR1阳性表达率仅在运动后即刻升高（P<0.05）。（2）CD8＋T细胞在H-RT组和E-RT组运动后即刻和运动后24 h，annexin V和CX3CR1阳性表达率均显著性升高（P<0.05）。通过对以上数据的分析，研究得出以下结论：CD4＋T淋巴细胞亚群对于急性抗阻训练的免疫反应存在运动方案依赖性。  相似文献   

两种大强度间歇训练对优秀公路自行车运动员有氧能力的影响          下载免费PDF全文

屈成刚  唐一丹 《体育科研》2019,(1):64-71

目的：比较两种大强度间歇训练手段对优秀自行车运动员有氧运动能力的影响。方法：将15名备战全国“十三运”的云南省自行车队男子运动员随机分为3组， S组训练方案采用SIT/耐力训练， H组训练方案采用HIIT/耐力训练， C组为对照组，进行传统耐力性训练；训练持续3周。训练前后进行递增负荷测试和有氧运动能力测试，测试指标包括最大摄氧量绝对值（VO2max）、最大摄氧量相对值（VO2max/kg）、每分通气量（VE）、最大心率（HRmax），并通过公式计算每搏输出量（SV），以及测试递增负荷后即刻血乳酸（BLA）、最大有氧功率（P）和40 km个人计时成绩进行了测试。结果：（1）3周训练后，S组运动员VE、HRmax、SV、VO2max、VO2max/kg、P和ITT40km均较训练前有显著性提高（P＜0.05）；H组运动员VE、VO2max/kg、ITT40km较训练前有显著性增加（P＜0.05），BLA有显著性的下降（P＜0.05）。（2）S组运动员ΔVE、ΔHRmax、ΔSV、ΔVO2max、ΔVO2max/kg、ΔBLA、ΔITT40km显著提升（P＜0.05），且优于其余两组；H组仅ΔITT40km存在明显提升（P＜0.05）。结论：间歇训练结合耐力训练对优秀公路自行车运动员的呼吸系统、有氧供能系统可产生积极的影响；而且，SIT结合耐力训练较HIIT结合耐力训练或传统耐力训练更能提高公路自行车运动员的有氧代谢能力和有氧运动能力，训练效果更佳。  相似文献   

Motivation counteracts fatigue-induced performance decrements in soccer passing performance     

Jeroen C.M. Barte  Arne Nieuwenhuys  Sabine A.E. Geurts  Michiel A.J. Kompier 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(10):1189-1196

Recent theories suggest that negative effects of fatigue on performance are determined by perception of effort and motivation rather than being directly caused by reaching physiological limits. In the current experiment, the influence of motivation on fatigue-induced decrements in soccer performance was experimentally investigated. Sixty amateur soccer players performed a validated soccer-passing test before and after a fatigue protocol. Results showed that players’ motivation and performance decreased after the fatigue protocol for players in the control group. In contrast, players in the motivation group (i.e., with motivation experimentally induced after the fatigue protocol) were able to uphold their motivation and increase their performance. These results indicate that motivation plays a crucial role in performance under fatigue, as fatigue-induced decrements in soccer passing performance can be counteracted by high levels of motivation. Future research may explore the limits of this counteracting effect and extend findings to other relevant performance aspects.  相似文献   

关于我国引入足球职业裁判制度的思考          下载免费PDF全文

何博芳 《河北体育学院学报》2019,33(4):24-28

职业裁判制度是足球职业化发展到一定阶段的必然产物，其引入将有力提升我国裁判执法水平，助推我国足球事业发展。认为，职业裁判是职业联赛健康发展的关键力量，是足球运动技术发展的客观要求，是提升足球裁判整体水平、统一集中管理的需要。目前，我国的足球裁判存在基数小、水平低、待遇低、环境差等问题。只引入足球职业裁判制度而无配套措施，可能无法解决根本矛盾；目前的国内联赛规模也还无法满足职业裁判发展需求，职业转换难度大及退休保障不足，也阻碍着我国职业足球裁判制度的实施。指出，应加快足球联赛发展，与职业裁判发展互促互进；健全体育裁判法律法规，改革职业裁判组织管理方式；建立健全职业裁判员的薪酬和退休保障体系；注重青少年裁判培养，全面提升在职裁判员业务水平。多管齐下，使足球职业裁判制度发挥更好的效果。  相似文献   

Rater Certification Tests: A Psychometric Approach     

Yigal Attali 《Educational Measurement》2019,38(2):6-13

Rater training is an important part of developing and conducting large‐scale constructed‐response assessments. As part of this process, candidate raters have to pass a certification test to confirm that they are able to score consistently and accurately before they begin scoring operationally. Moreover, many assessment programs require raters to pass a calibration test before every scoring shift. To support the high‐stakes decisions made on the basis of rater certification tests, a psychometric approach for their development, analysis, and use is proposed. The circumstances and uses of these tests suggest that they are expected to have relatively low reliability. This expectation is supported by empirical data. Implications for the development and use of these tests to ensure their quality are discussed.  相似文献   

回顾与展望：关于我国青少年体育健康公共服务的述评与研究*     

高天宇  李佳薇 《广州体育学院学报》2019,(5):7-13

青少年体育健康问题上升国家战略高度。“青少年体育健康公共服务”是一个在青少年体育领域内，由“体育健康”和“体育公共服务”综合而成的全新概念，学界还未深入探讨与挖掘。充分结合“健康管理”理论，基于对“青少年体育健康”和“体育公共服务”相关研究文献的回顾，归纳“青少年体育健康公共服务”内涵与特征。概念特征包括：“学校体育”“青少年体育俱乐部”是核心供给主体；健康医疗等事业、非营利性机构是重要支撑；始终强调青少年受众被动接受“体育健康促进”与主动应用“体育健康素养”相结合；供给产品具有“纯公共物品”性质，公共财政补贴是解决公共服务资源配置矛盾关键方式；“互联网虚拟社区”是实现多元主体协同供给的技术基础与激励条件。最后，基于概念属性展望“青少年体育健康公共服务”的未来研究趋势，包括：开发“运动干预”“心理调试”和“营养膳食”三维评估指标体系；完善“学校”“社区”“医疗部门”“健康管理机构”和“家庭”的协同供给机制；深度开发“青少年体育俱乐部”和“青少年联赛体系”营造“体育健康素养培育”空间；实现“青少年体育健康公共服务”均等化局限，以及加快“青少年体育健康公共服务”互联网平台建设，破解公共服务资源闲置问题。  相似文献   

‘Who is zooming who’? A study of young PE-students in their figurations     

Stine Frydendal Nielsen  Lone Friis Thing 《Sport, Education and Society》2019,24(5):480-490

The article presents an analysis of 93 essays written in an upper secondary school context. The essays were collected in relation to a larger research project, which went on for 5 years in a Danish upper secondary school (2010–2015). The material represents both genders and the students are 15–17 years old. We deploy a theoretical framework taken from Norbert Elias’ notion on established-outsider relations [Elias, N., &; Scotson, J. L. (1994 [1965]). The established and the outsiders. London: SAGE] as well as his use of personal pronouns [Elias, N. (1978). What is sociology? London: Hutchinson, Elias, N. (2001). The society of individuals. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group] in illustrating how people negotiate, position and navigate within figurational contexts [Elias, N. (1994 [1939]). The civilizing proces. Oxford: Blackwell.]. We do this in an effort to interpret how young people negotiate ‘we-I-relations’ when it comes to their sporting identity. Elias’ processual framework provides a tool for a much needed analysis of how young people continually orientate and develop their sense of selves. The web of human interdependencies and processes of change are key words when it comes to understanding the social practices and doings of the students’ constructions of self-steering. What social scientists may see as laziness and drop-outs of sports [Seippel, Ø. (2016). Prek, vekker og kjedelig? Trening og mening blant ungdom: 1985–2013. In Ø. Seippel, M. K. Sisjord, &; Å Strandbu (Eds.), Ungdom og Idrett. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk] can in the essays of students be analysed as a struggle for group connectedness and social inclusion in the classroom. The results of our research show that identity is a multiple concept and an ongoing process of emotional work [Elias, N. (1987). On human beings and their emotions: A process-sociological essay. Theory Culture Society, 4, 339–361], but also a power balance of playing and presenting what is imagined as the right performance as not being shamed as outcasts.  相似文献   

Potential for transformation? Two teacher training programs examined through a critical pedagogy framework     

《Teaching and Teacher Education》2018

This paper argues that teacher training programs, with the objective of transforming gender norms in schools, should employ a critical pedagogy framework in order to achieve the transformational learning goals necessary to change the deep-seated beliefs and patterns of behavior that characterize these gender norms. Using document analysis, this study evaluates the teacher in-service training component of two school-based intervention programs, aimed at promoting gender equality in school communities. This paper finds that the trainings miss opportunities to employ elements of critical pedagogy and therefore, are not likely to create a transformative change around gender norms in schooling.  相似文献